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Happily, we have a thoughtful and well-prepared co-navigator for this adventure, Stuart K. Masters.
The first audience for the presentation of Tangled Roots: Navigating the Complex Legacy of Early Quakers, were those attending his Swarthmore Lecture 2026, at Britain Yearly Meeting's most recent sessions. The lecture in book form has been available ever since, published by the sponsor of the Swarthmore lectures, Woodbrooke. Stuart has put together a useful Web page with links to the lecture in video form, several related videos, and excerpts sampling each of the book's main themes.
The Quaker movement has not lacked for drama, conflict, divisions, and variety across the many generations since the mid-seventeenth century when we got underway. But Stuart Masters proposes a set of themes—creative tensions, as he calls them—that were present from the very start and that help us understand that complexity. In his words,
... I will attempt to describe the diverse mix of characteristics visible in the early Quaker movement that have produced four important creative tensions for subsequent generations to navigate.
1) Inward experience and received tradition – Friends have practised a Spirit-led faith based on continuing revelation, making them cautious of human traditions. However, since they have established a tradition of their own, how should Quakers balance the inward guidance received in the present with the beliefs and practices inherited from the past?
2) Communal order and individual freedom – There has been a long-standing creative tension between communal order and individual freedom. Sometimes Friends have enforced uniformity through systems of corporate discipline, while at other times they have promoted freedom and a permissive attitude to individual belief and behaviour.
3) Quietist and charismatic – The first Friends combined a contemplative spiritual practice of inward surrender with a strongly embodied charismatic response which was physical, emotional and visible. Subsequent generations have struggled to hold these two apparently conflicting characteristics together.
4) New creation and the world – Quakers have always found themselves caught between the world as it currently is, and a vision of a new creation of peace, justice and truth. How should they balance the desire to play a constructive role within the world with the need to resist its violent, unjust, and destructive ways?
Each chapter of Tangled Roots traces these tensions and the attempts to resolve them (or not) early in Quaker history and in subsequent generations and locations, right up to today. Masters recognizes that he himself and his most immediate readership live in secular liberal societies, but he always invites readers to take into account the global Quaker movement, and how different parts of that movement made or make different choices in resolving those tensions.
My hope is that this material will help Friends learn from Quaker history and their spiritual heritage, nurture their self-awareness, prompt a greater sensitivity to global Quaker diversity, and think deeply about their current faith and practice as they discern what this might look like in future.
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The careful organization of this book—applying each major theme/tension across time and across the major Quaker divisions of each time period—would, I believe, make this an ideal book for group study. I can imagine a discussion forming around such questions as "what aspects of our varied legacy was I unaware of, and which of them seem undervalued in my corner of the Quaker world," and "what conversations would I like to open with Friends who made different choices in resolving these tensions, and how might those conversations start?"
Early in his first chapter, "Inward Experience and Received Tradition," Masters states,
Friends have always practised an experimental and Spirit-led faith based on continuing revelation, making them cautious about the value of the received tradition and doctrines of the Christian Church.
First of all, it's important to consider what "caution" means. The founding generation of Quakers evidently saw themselves as returning to Christian roots. They were cautious about second-hand teachings, mediations, and ceremonies, not the raw reality of New Testament Christianity and the immediate headship of Christ.
The word "always" ("Friends have always practised...") is a strong word. Are most rank and file Quakers in their daily lives and their meetings for worship aware that they are practicing an experimental faith based on continuing revelation, and are most other Christians, by contrast, in some kind of rut? It's worth considering whether such awareness of the experimental and Spirit-led nature of our faith, and the resulting caution about second-hand Christianity, depend somewhat on our own gifts and temperaments, as would also be true in any other religious fellowship. I think the author's assertion is a valuable invitation to discuss the Quaker contribution to global spirituality, but my own caution is that some of us are overly fond of Quaker specialness. Maybe this implies another tension: the importance of knowing and cherishing our particular hard-won legacy of discipleship vs the danger of elitism, and eventual isolation and stagnation.
Working on that tension would be helpful in correcting the biases in our outreach efforts. Liberal Friends often seem to me to be appealing to the skeptics in the wider culture, signaling that among us you won't find obnoxious reminders of Christianity and the Bible. (I'm exaggerating for effect, but not much.) Little or no attention is paid to the needs of people who are joyful and enthusiastic in their faith but want to be in a trustworthy community that doesn't manipulate or dominate them, and does connect the dots between faith and ethical discipleship in the real world. Why would we not yearn to attract some of them as well?
Evangelicals often try to tease skeptics and seekers with promises of certainty (and sometimes with threats of eternal consequences for those who resist certainty). Those skeptics would be better served by our communicating readiness to listen (to them as well as to God), to let them know that their skepticism can be useful in a community that truly values accountability, and that their doubts do not disqualify them from participating in the beloved community. Skeptics and refugees from authoritarian religion don't get to veto things that they don't like, but they should be able to count on our hospitality, our deep listening, our own commitment to transparency and healing, and our undefensiveness when we've been guilty of watering down the Gospel and counting on the now-expiring privileges that Christendom has claimed in many cultures. Just as with liberal Friends, skeptics should see that evangelical Quakers really want to connect faith with ethical discipleship. And everyone needs to understand how a newcomer can become a full participant and, as their gifts blossom, a minister and leader.
A related question: Does the "always" actually refer to a specific subgroup among us—Friends who feel called to be particularly attentive to these continuities and discontinuities across the varieties of Friends? Is there another tension or divergence evident among three groups ...
- those who are deliberately reflective about these issues (including those who produce valuable scholarship),
- those who are eager to defend one or another tendency or priority, and
- those who just want to attend church weekly in a familiar and trustworthy setting?
I see that third group as the warm-hearted majority among us who rarely think about the tensions and cautions that ultimately led to the formation of their own regional and local congregations, but trust that they are simply gathering together in the presence of God, bringing their hopes and cares into God's Light.
What might the historians and theologians among us owe that third group? By "owe" I mean (a) serving the needs of that third group without condescension, and (b) also making the spiritual insights gained in such reflections accessible to that third group. I don't mean telling them that they are the products of tensions and compromises, and that maybe others made better or more sophisticated choices because they were more cautious about Christianity and more open to continuing revelation.
In that context, I believe Tangled Roots provides a genuine service to that group I envision as the warm-hearted majority.
Another question: As we consider the twists and turns of Quaker history and the larger context of church history, are we commenting from inside a believing community, or observing it from (at least aspirationally) an objective or phenomenological stance? If we are believers, that means we don't have to limit ourselves to dissecting recurring themes in reformation history mechanically, deducing or guessing who might have read whom (useful as that can be!), but can also attribute insights and breakthroughs in various eras to a shared influence of the Holy Spirit, Whose anointing doesn't have to follow our denominational chronologies and conceits.
Related posts:
Tom Hamm on Friends United Meeting and its identity and The FUM retreat: what did we accomplish?
Whose faith? Whose practice? Part one. Part two.
"Are Quakers part of the Church?"
Decline and persistence, part one. Part two.
Open hearts. On hospitality and the host/guest distinction.
Thoughts on hope and cynicism.
My Friends meeting, Reedwood Friends Church, has a program providing grants for student research, Reedwood Research Grants on Quaker SPICES. Recent grant recipients from Reed College (across the street from Reedwood) gave two remarkable presentations:
Xavier da Silva: "Sincere Faith: On Modern Lois and Timothys" (referring to 2 Timothy 1:5)
Parrish Johnson: "Study of the Sophia Christi Catholic (Womenpriest) Community."
Here's a video of their presentation:
Elderchaplain: Wonder, belovedness, and "kisses from the sun."
Mike Farley on sin, the Jesus Prayer, and the mercy of the cross.
Dmytro Vovk: Church-state relations in Ukraine, and the tendencies and hazards in post-invasion developments.
A well-loved rerun: Steve Guyger performing Jimmy Rogers' "What Have I Done?".
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